CROSS-BORDER E-COMMERCE · EUROPE · GLOSSARY
Cross-border e-commerce glossary
Selling into Europe comes with its own vocabulary: customs documents, import VAT, packaging registration, cease-and-desist letters, product compliance, first-mile logistics, tax structures. This page lists the 290 terms used in the book Cross-Border Trade to Europe in Chinese and English, marked as EU-level, Germany-level or China / Hong Kong concepts. Type to filter.
Level tags: EU = applies in all 27 member states; Germany = Germany only; China / Hong Kong = export-side concepts; General = industry-wide. Terms are taken from Cross-Border Trade to Europe, coming to Amazon in English and German.
| 中文 | English | Level |
|---|---|---|
| 贸易条款 | Incoterms 2020 | General |
| 工厂交货 | EXW (Ex Works) | General |
| 装船港交货 | FOB (Free on Board) | General |
| 到岸价含运保 | CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) | General |
| 目的地交货不含税 | DAP (Delivered at Place) | General |
| 完税交货 | DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) | General |
| 形式发票 | pro forma invoice (PI) | General |
| 商业发票 | commercial invoice (CI) | General |
| 装箱单 | packing list (PL) | General |
| 提单 | bill of lading (B/L) | General |
| 电放 | telex release | General |
| 原产地证 | certificate of origin (CO) | General |
| 订舱确认 | shipping order / booking confirmation (SO) | General |
| 集装箱验证总重 | verified gross mass (VGM) | General |
| 四单一致 | document consistency (customs declaration, invoice, packing list, B/L) | General |
| 采购订单 | purchase order (PO) | General |
| 电汇 | telegraphic transfer (T/T) | General |
| 信用证 | letter of credit (L/C) | General |
| 赊账 | open account (O/A) | General |
| 锁汇 / 远期购汇 | FX forward / hedging | General |
| 买单出口 | exporting under a third party's customs name | China |
| 外综服 | foreign-trade comprehensive service provider | China |
| 出口退税 | export VAT rebate | China |
| 监管方式 9810 | customs supervision code 9810 (cross-border e-commerce export to overseas warehouse) | China |
| 中文 | English | Level |
|---|---|---|
| HS 编码 | HS code (Harmonized System) | General |
| 欧盟关税数据库 | TARIC | EU |
| 欧盟进口商号 | EORI number | EU |
| 有约束力的归类裁定 | Binding Tariff Information (BTI) | EU |
| 进口商 | importer of record (IOR) | EU |
| 间接代表 | indirect representation | EU |
| 经认证经营者 | Authorised Economic Operator (AEO) | EU |
| 海关事后稽查 | post-clearance customs audit | Germany |
| 完税价格 | customs value | EU |
| 反倾销税 | anti-dumping duty | EU |
| 碳边境调节机制 | Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) | EU |
| 欧盟零毁林法规 | EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) | EU |
| 进口控制系统舱单预申报 | ICS2 entry summary declaration (ENS) | EU |
| CE 标志 | CE marking | EU |
| 符合性声明 | Declaration of Conformity (DoC) | EU |
| 通用产品安全法规 | General Product Safety Regulation (GPSR) | EU |
| 欧盟责任人 | EU responsible person / responsible economic operator | EU |
| 化学品限制 | REACH / SVHC (Substances of Very High Concern) | EU |
| 食品接触材料 | food contact materials (FCM) | EU |
| 德国食品接触法 | LFGB (German Food and Feed Code) | Germany |
| 德国包装法 | Packaging Act (VerpackG) | Germany |
| 包装注册库 | LUCID packaging register | Germany |
| 电子电器法 | ElektroG (German implementation of WEEE) | Germany |
| 电子废弃物指令 | WEEE Directive | EU |
| 电池法 | BattDG (German Battery Law Implementation Act, replaced BattG from Oct 2025) | Germany |
| 不安全产品通报系统 | Safety Gate (ex-RAPEX) | EU |
| 律师警告函 | Abmahnung (formal cease-and-desist warning letter) | Germany |
| 反不正当竞争法 | UWG (Act against Unfair Competition) | Germany |
| 网站运营者信息 | Impressum (legal notice) | Germany |
| 撤回权告知 | Widerrufsbelehrung (withdrawal notice) | Germany |
| 欧盟商标 | EU trade mark (EUTM) | EU |
| 欧盟注册外观设计 | EU Design (registered EU design; called Registered Community Design, RCD, before May 2025) | EU |
| 德国专利商标局 | German Patent and Trade Mark Office (DPMA) | Germany |
| 保密 / 不使用 / 不绕开协议 | NNN agreement (non-disclosure, non-use, non-circumvention) | General |
| 产品责任险 | product liability insurance | General |
| 法务险 | legal expenses insurance | Germany |
| 中文 | English | Level |
|---|---|---|
| 整柜 / 拼箱 | FCL / LCL | General |
| 40 尺高柜 | 40' high cube (40HQ) | General |
| 头程 / 尾程 | first-mile (origin leg) / last-mile | General |
| 进口商（泛指 / 法规语境） | importer | General |
| 码头操作费 | terminal handling charge (THC) | General |
| 旺季附加费 | peak season surcharge (PSS) | General |
| 运价上调公告 | general rate increase (GRI) | General |
| 碳排放附加费 | ETS surcharge | EU |
| 滞港费 / 滞箱费 | demurrage / detention | General |
| 免堆期 / 免用箱期 | free time (demurrage / detention free days) | General |
| 甩柜 | roll-over (cargo rolled to next sailing) | General |
| 共同海损 | general average | General |
| 托盘货运 | palletised freight / groupage | Germany |
| 体积重 | volumetric (dimensional) weight | General |
| 海外仓 / 第三方仓 | overseas warehouse / 3PL | General |
| 中欧班列 | China–Europe rail freight | General |
| 准班率 | schedule reliability | General |
| 库存天数 | days on hand (DOH) | General |
| 循环盘点 | cycle count | General |
| 中文 | English | Level |
|---|---|---|
| 增值税 | VAT | EU |
| 进口增值税 | import VAT | EU |
| 增值税预申报 | advance VAT return | Germany |
| 申报延期 | permanent filing extension | Germany |
| 特别预付款 | special advance payment | Germany |
| 反向征收 | reverse charge (§13b UStG) | Germany |
| 一站式申报 | One-Stop Shop (OSS) | EU |
| 汇总申报 | EC Sales List | Germany |
| 运抵证明 | proof of arrival | Germany |
| 欧盟内贸易统计 | Intrastat | EU |
| 平台数据报送 | DAC7 | EU |
| 账簿数字化合规 | GoBD (principles for proper bookkeeping in electronic form) | Germany |
| 电子发票 | e-invoicing | Germany |
| 经营月报 | monthly management report (BWA) | Germany |
| 隐性利润分配 | hidden profit distribution | Germany |
| 营业税 | trade tax | Germany |
| 团结附加税 | solidarity surcharge | Germany |
| 企业所得税 | corporate income tax | Germany |
| 分红预提税 | dividend withholding tax | Germany |
| 避免双重征税协定 | double taxation agreement (DTA) | General |
| 转移定价 | transfer pricing (TP) | General |
| 独立交易原则 | arm's length principle | General |
| 同期资料 | Local File (transfer pricing documentation) | Germany |
| 常设机构 | permanent establishment (PE) | General |
| 共同申报准则 | Common Reporting Standard (CRS) | General |
| 利得税两级制 | two-tiered profits tax | Hong Kong |
| 境外收入豁免制度 | FSIE (foreign-sourced income exemption regime) | Hong Kong |
| 周年申报 | annual return (NAR1) | Hong Kong |
| 德国税务师 | Steuerberater (German tax advisor) | Germany |
| 现金转换周期 | cash conversion cycle (CCC) | General |
| 13 周滚动现金流 | 13-week rolling cash-flow forecast | General |
| 黑字破产 | insolvency despite profitability | General |
| 低值资产 | low-value asset (GWG) | Germany |
| 小额发票 | small-amount invoice | Germany |
| 投资抵扣 | investment deduction (IAB) | Germany |
| 商业登记簿 | commercial register | Germany |
| 企业信息公示 | company register (public filings) | Germany |
| 工商会 | Chamber of Commerce and Industry (IHK) | Germany |
| 有限责任公司 | GmbH (German limited liability company) | Germany |
| 执行董事 | managing director | Germany |
| 迷你工 | mini-job (marginal employment) | Germany |
| 临时工 | temporary agency work | Germany |
| 中文 | English | Level |
|---|---|---|
| 最小起订量 | minimum order quantity (MOQ) | General |
| 代工 / 设计代工 | OEM / ODM | General |
| 可制造性分析 | design for manufacturability (DFM) | General |
| 打样轮次 | T0 / T1 / T2 samples | General |
| 首件检验 | first article inspection (FAI) | General |
| 抽样标准 | AQL (ISO 2859) | General |
| 三段质检 | IQC / IPQC / OQC | General |
| 价值工程 | value analysis / value engineering (VA/VE) | General |
| 批次号 | lot number | General |
| 应有成本倒算 | should-cost analysis | General |
| 钢模 / 铝模 / 软模 | steel mould / aluminium mould / soft tooling | General |
| 模次 | shot count (mould cycles) | General |
| 封样 | golden sample | General |
| 验厂 | factory audit | General |
| 双源 | dual sourcing | General |
| 中文 | English | Level |
|---|---|---|
| 成交额 | gross merchandise value (GMV) | General |
| 单次转化成本 | cost per acquisition (CPA) | General |
| 盈亏平衡 CPA | break-even CPA | General |
| 广告回报 | return on ad spend (ROAS) | General |
| 点击率 / 转化率 | CTR / CVR | General |
| 千次观看成交额 | GPM (GMV per mille) | General |
| 原生投流 | Spark Ads | General |
| 达人带货 | affiliate / creator marketing | General |
| 商品页 | listing | General |
| 建议零售价 / 批发价 | RRP / wholesale price | General |
| SKU 隔离 | SKU separation (channel-specific SKUs) | General |
| 开箱品 / 二手品 | B-stock (open-box) | Germany |
| 购物车 | Buy Box | General |
| 平台仓 / 自发货 | FBA / FBM | General |
| 批发目录 | line sheet | General |
| 季度业务回顾 | quarterly business review (QBR) | General |
| 毛利库存回报率 | GMROI (gross margin return on inventory) | General |
| 划线价 | strike-through price (reference price) | Germany |
| 亚马逊销售排名 | Best Sellers Rank (BSR) | General |
| 本土店 | local (domestic) store | General |
| 全托管 | fully managed (consignment) model | General |
| 中文 | English | Level |
|---|---|---|
| 线上运营中心 | online operations centre | General |
| 服务公司 + 成本加成 | service company on a cost-plus basis | General |
| AI 改造点（旧称 AI 落点） | AI Touchpoints (what the system should do) | General |
| 选品雷达 | product radar | General |
| 合规护照 | compliance passport | General |
| 落地成本 | landed cost | General |
| 风险台账 | risk register | General |
| 危机手册 | crisis playbook | General |
| 坑 | pitfalls | General |
| 行动清单 | action checklist | General |
| 速览图 / 信息卡 | chapter overview card | General |
| 中文 | English | Level |
|---|---|---|
| 案例公司 | the case company | General |
| 落地层 | landing layer | General |
| 一盘货两条渠道 / 双渠道消化 | one pool of stock, two channels / two-channel sell-through | General |
| 母子 / 平行（兄弟）结构 | parent–subsidiary / parallel (sister) structure | General |
| 利润蓄水池 | profit reservoir | General |
| 离岸豁免 / 经济实质 | offshore exemption / economic substance | Hong Kong |
| 强制审计 / 利得税表 PTR | statutory audit / profits tax return (PTR) | Hong Kong |
| 公司秘书 / 商业登记证 | company secretary / business registration certificate | Hong Kong |
| 执业会计师（香港） | Hong Kong CPA | Hong Kong |
| 免抵退 | exemption-credit-refund scheme | China |
| 监管方式 0110 / 1039 | customs supervision code 0110 general trade / 1039 market procurement trade | China |
| 倒排日历 | T-minus calendar | General |
| 德国进口税单 | German import tax assessment | Germany |
| 到货通知 / 入库单 | arrival notice / goods receipt note | General |
| 跟单（员） | merchandiser / order follow-up | General |
| 单证链核对 / 抬头 | document chain reconciliation / consignee (declarant on customs documents) | General |
| 补货预测 / 全链路时间线 | replenishment forecast / end-to-end timeline | General |
| 进口 VAT 递延（荷兰 Article 23） | import VAT deferral (Article 23 licence) | EU · NL |
| 盘点清单（现状盘点） | stock-take checklist (status review) | General |
| 塑料包装税（西班牙） | tax on non-reusable plastic packaging | EU · ES |
| 唯一识别码 IDU（法国） | unique identifier (IDU) | EU · FR |
| 操盘手 | anyone running the operation / experienced operator | General |
| 压库存 / 滞销品 / 断货率 | carrying inventory / slow movers / stock-out rate | General |
| 资金效率 / 测算表 | capital efficiency / calculation sheet | General |
| 验证漏斗 S0–S4 | validation funnel, gates S0–S4 | General |
| 现货测品 / 公模现货 / 快进快出 | off-the-shelf test / open-mould stock / fast in, fast out | General |
| 价格带阶梯 / 断档 | price-band ladder / gap | General |
| 头部集中度 CR5 | top-seller concentration (CR5) | General |
| 评论护城河 / 评论矿（差评矿） | review moat / review mining | General |
| 常青品 / 网红品 / 爆款 | evergreen / viral / hit product | General |
| 上升期斜率 | rising-phase slope | General |
| 售罄率 | sell-through rate | General |
| 腰部达人 | mid-tier creator | General |
| 预筛 / 雷达评分 | pre-screening / radar score | General |
| 模具协议 / 排他条款 / 模次台账 | mould agreement / exclusivity clause / shot-count log | General |
| 选品评审会 / 决策日志 / 候选池 / 回流学习 | product review meeting / decision log / candidate pool / feedback learning | General |
| 《B 端想要但我们没有》 | What B2B customers want and we do not have | General |
| 全渠道价格治理表 | cross-channel price governance table | General |
| 增速上限公式 / 融资阶梯 / 月内编舞 | growth-ceiling formula / financing ladder / in-month choreography | General |
| 原材料防调包 / 开箱品质保 / 到仓稽查 | preventing raw-material substitution / B-grade quality assurance / inbound audit | General |
| 产业带 | industrial cluster | China |
| 心理价位 | psychological price point | General |
| 职能转移 / 可出售的资产 | transfer of functions / a saleable asset | Germany |
| 总纲 | principles | General |
| 小额付汇 | small cross-border payments to many suppliers | China |
| 中文 | English | Level |
|---|---|---|
| 供应链管理者 | supply chain manager | General |
| 真假工厂识别 / 转包 | telling real factories from fake ones / subcontracting | China |
| 一般纳税人 | general VAT taxpayer | China |
| 分级 A / B / C（战略 / 常规 / 备份） | tiering: A strategic / B regular / C backup | General |
| 备模 | backup mould | General |
| 样品库 / 评估表 | sample library / evaluation sheet | General |
| 拆分报价 / 利润黑箱 | split quotation / profit black box | General |
| 应该成本（倒算）/ 计算器 | should-cost (worked back) / should-cost calculator | General |
| 一模四腔 / 机台时租 | four-cavity mould / machine hourly rate | General |
| 首单砍穿价 | cutting the price to the bone on the first order | General |
| 返单降价阶梯 | repeat-order price ladder | General |
| 采购合同八要素 | the eight elements of the purchase contract | General |
| 质保金 | retention (money) | General |
| 见提单副本 | against copy of the B/L | General |
| 盯厂店 / 工厂背刺 | monitoring the factory's own stores / the factory's betrayal | General |
| 两地外观 | designs registered in both jurisdictions | General |
| 跟单表七节点 | seven checkpoints on the order follow-up sheet | General |
| 三段 QC / 产中抽检 / 黄金点 | three-stage QC / in-production inspection / the golden point | General |
| 验货防放水 / 验货专用箱 | preventing a soft inspection / "inspection cartons" | General |
| 让步接收 | concession acceptance | General |
| 缺陷库 / 供应商评分卡 | defect library / supplier scorecard | General |
| 试产 | pilot run | General |
| 模具台账 / 寿命预警 | mould log / life warning | General |
| 预测共享（VMI-lite）/ 框架订单 | forecast sharing (VMI-lite) / framework order | General |
| 三层包装 / 出厂标准 / 跌落测试 / 唛头 | three layers of packaging / ex-factory standard / drop test / shipping marks | General |
| 材质批次留样 | retained sample per material batch | General |
| 春节大考 / 春节断档 | the Chinese New Year test / the Chinese New Year gap | China |
| 工厂倒闭三征兆 / 退模转厂 / 产能挤兑 | three signs a factory is about to fail / pull the mould and move / capacity squeeze | China |
| 原材料价格监控 | raw-material price monitoring | General |
| 中文 | English | Level |
|---|---|---|
| 方式矩阵 | mode matrix | General |
| 空运救火 / 计费重 | air as the fire brigade / chargeable weight | General |
| 庄家货代 / 数字货代 | anchor forwarder / digital forwarder | General |
| 运价盯盘 | freight-rate watch | General |
| GRI（涨价公告）/ GRI 落地部分 | general rate increase (GRI) / the part of the GRI that actually lands | General |
| 约价 / 即期 / 低谷策略 | contract rate / spot / trough strategy | General |
| 保舱 | guaranteed space | General |
| 汇率加点 | exchange-rate margin | General |
| 换单（费） | delivery order fee (D/O) | General |
| 集货仓 | consolidation warehouse | China |
| 截港 / 截单 / 截 VGM | port cut-off / documentation cut-off / VGM cut-off | General |
| 做柜 / 监装 | stuffing / supervised loading | General |
| 提前申报 / 两步申报 | advance declaration / two-step declaration | China |
| 瞒报 / 拼柜连坐 | misdeclaration / collective punishment of every consignment in a shared container | General |
| 3D 装柜计算 | 3D load planning (bin packing) | General |
| 44 吨特许 / 联运短驳 | 44-tonne concession / intermodal short haul | Germany |
| 还柜点 | return depot | General |
| 一切险 ICC(A) / 现金保证金 | all risks ICC(A) / cash guarantee | General |
| 异常 Playbook / 补腿 / 双港方案 | exceptions playbook / top-up leg (rail or air) / two-port plan | General |
| 电子提单 eB/L | electronic bill of lading (eB/L) | General |
| 全链追踪 / 头程成本分摊 / T-minus 日历 | end-to-end tracking / first-mile cost allocation / T-minus calendar | General |
| 中文 | English | Level |
|---|---|---|
| 两半棋 | a game in two halves | General |
| 铺货卖家 | listing-spray sellers | General |
| 清关委托书 / 三个写死 | customs power of attorney (Vollmacht) / three fixed points | Germany |
| 税单抬头 | the name on the import tax assessment | Germany |
| 递延账户 | deferment account | Germany |
| 归类三岔口 / 归类论证 / 归类预判 | three-way classification fork / classification argument / classification pre-assessment | General |
| 归类论证助手 | classification argument assistant | General |
| 归类总规则 | General Rules for the Interpretation of the Harmonized System (GRI) | General |
| Tariff engineering | tariff engineering | General |
| 措施类风险 | measures-type risks | EU |
| TARIC 观察哨 | TARIC watch post | EU |
| 查验 / 海关信用 / 首查当建档 | inspection / customs credibility / treat the first inspection as building a credit file | Germany |
| 三流对账 | three-flow reconciliation (goods, documents, money) | General |
| 担保放行 / 估价库 | release against a guarantee / valuation database | EU |
| 风险评估一页纸 / 可预见误用 | one-page risk assessment / foreseeable misuse | EU |
| 贴牌 = 视同制造商 | private label = deemed manufacturer | EU |
| 报告不是买断是订阅 | a report is a subscription, not a one-off purchase | General |
| 德国层三件登记 | the three German-layer registrations | Germany |
| 法定质保 | statutory consumer warranty (Gewährleistung) | Germany |
| 停止声明 / 修改版停止声明 | cease-and-desist declaration / modified cease-and-desist declaration | Germany |
| 反滥用法抗辩 / 对方资格 | anti-abuse defence / the sender's standing | Germany |
| 登记的合格协会名录 | register of qualified trade associations (Liste der qualifizierten Wirtschaftsverbände) | Germany |
| 网店四件套 | the web shop's four legal texts | Germany |
| 合规流水线 / 变更触发器 / 上架前自动检查 | compliance pipeline / change triggers / automatic pre-listing check | General |
| Safety Gate 周报 | Safety Gate weekly digest | EU |
| 法人个责 | personal liability of the managing director | Germany |
| 销售主体 | selling entity | General |
No matching terms